[370] While not settled the current evidence suggests warlike predispositions only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many places much more recently than that. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [link] [258][259] Sexuality also affects and is affected by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life.

A mesomorph has well-defined muscles, large bones, and a torso that tapers to a well-defined waist. Tremendous advantages have been gained from this erect posture, the chief among which has been the freeing of the arms for a great variety of uses.

[link], Nutrition of cruciferous Vegetables – Kale, Our grandchildren will have to cope without fossil fuels, Ubuntu wireless/WiFi connection does not work. These include allowing them to better problem solve issues, providing a means to control or influence other humans, encouraging cooperation and contribution within a society or increasing the chance of attracting a potential mate. Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002, "Are Humans the Most Intelligent Species? There also are bands of fibrous connective tissue—the ligaments and the tendons—in intimate relationship with the parts of the skeleton. it is the largest, heaviest and hottest internal organ.

[26][27], The closest living relatives of humans are chimpanzees and bonobos (genus Pan),[28][29] as well as gorillas (genus Gorilla). One school of thought is that it has evolved as a means to eliminate competitors and has always been an innate human characteristic. An ectomorph is a thin person with small muscles and a delicately built body. [citation needed] The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. The vertebral column, corresponding to the notochord in lower organisms, is the main support of the trunk.

This ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an unknown archaic hominin that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans. [134] The variation in human DNA is very small compared to other species, possibly suggesting a population bottleneck during the Late Pleistocene (around 100,000 years ago), in which the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs.

In addition to controlling "lower," involuntary, or primarily autonomic activities such as respiration and digestion, it is also the locus of "higher" order functioning such as thought, reasoning, and abstraction. [citation needed], As early Homo sapiens dispersed, it encountered varieties of archaic humans both in Africa and in Eurasia, in Eurasia notably Homo neanderthalensis. Although there are some 200 different types of cells in the body, these can be grouped into four basic classes. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The splitting date between human and chimpanzee lineages is placed 4–8 million years ago, during the late Miocene epoch. Characteristic of the vertebrate form, the human body has an internal skeleton that includes a backbone of vertebrae. Phospholipids and the steroid compound cholesterol are major components of the membrane that surrounds each cell. Proteins also perform numerous functional roles in the body. This complex organ has the potential to detect a single photon as well as distinguish nearly ten million colors! This change in diet may also have altered human biology; with the spread of dairy farming providing a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to digest lactose in some adults. [101] Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change. The human skeleton, like that of other vertebrates, consists of two principal subdivisions, each with origins distinct from the others and each presenting certain individual features. [107][108] Humans' thinner body hair and more productive sweat glands help avoid heat exhaustion while running for long distances.[109]. [141] This is because of both the relatively large fetal head circumference and the mother's relatively narrow pelvis. [300] Still literature has been present before the invention of words and language, with 30 000 year old paintings on walls inside some caves portraying a series of dramatic scenes.
[172] Skin color tends to vary clinally and general correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation in a particular geographic area, with darker skin mostly around the equator. Characteristic of the vertebrate form, the human body has an internal skeleton with a backbone, and, as with the mammalian form, it has hair and mammary glands. The only organs of your body that can float on water are the lungs as they can hold nearly a liter of air at any moment. [322][323], Although the exact level of religiosity can be hard to measure,[324] a majority of humans professes some variety of religious or spiritual belief. [353] Humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with various social groups relatively easily, including previously strong political alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. [74][75] They inhabited Eurasia and Oceania by 40,000 years ago, and the Americas at least 14,500 years ago.[76][77].

The earliest members of Homo evolved around 2.8 million years ago. There are as many as 80 organs which form groups and work in coordination with one another to accomplish a particular task. Nonetheless, the manner in which a habitat is altered is often a major determinant in population change. The human nervous system can relay electrochemical messages at a rate of 249 mph (400 km/hr).

Beyond these similarities, however, lie some profound differences. [317], There is no accepted academic definition of what constitutes religion. The master organ, the brain, serves as CPU or control center, while beating of heart is considered as the sign of life in an individual. Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies,[14] many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago,[15] domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.
The structure of eye can be distinguished into a small corneal segment and a large sclerotic chamber, measuring in 8 mm and 24 mm, respectively. Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2006, last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, gene flow between archaic and modern humans, short stature and stocky build in cold regions, variation exists between males and females, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136584A4313662.en, "Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?

[339] Human groups range from the size of families to nations.

[87][88] Most humans (61%) live in Asia; the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%). Can someone answer this question, please? There also are bands of fibrous connective tissue—the ligaments and the tendons—in intimate relationship with the parts of the skeleton. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

[53][54][55][56] The increase in volume over time has affected different areas within the brain unequally—the temporal lobes, which contain centers for language processing have increased disproportionately, as has the prefrontal cortex which has been related to complex decision making and moderating social behavior. They are the only primates to have short, relatively flush canine teeth. [301] Beyond simply passing down knowledge the use and sharing of imaginative fiction through stories might have helped develop humans capabilities for communication and increased the likelihood of securing a mate. Apart from bipedalism, humans differ from chimpanzees mostly in smelling, hearing, digesting proteins, brain size, and the ability of language. Humans use tools more frequently and effectively than any other animal: they are the only extant species to build fires, cook food, clothe themselves, and create and use numerous other technologies and arts. Monica121428.

Other senses also help us understand and perceive the world around us. It is possible that bipedalism was favored because it freed up the hands for reaching and carrying food, because it saved energy during locomotion, because it enabled long-distance running and hunting, or as a strategy for avoiding hyperthermia by reducing the surface exposed to direct sun. The total number of tiny air sacks, called alveoli, can be up to 500 million in both the lungs. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena (or events) have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of knowledge. For other uses, see, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Interestingly, the total surface area can be as large as 30 square meters! [46], Human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes that have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. These problems have had to be met by adaptations of the skeletal system.

The most significant of these adaptations are 1. bipedalism, 2. increased brain size, 3. lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), 4. decreased sexual dimorphism (neoteny). [1,2]  The software makes it possible to visualize how persons look when they get fat or lose weight. All the 78 (plus 2 newly discovered) organs of the body work in sync to form around a dozen organ systems. Most other species are confined to a few geographical areas by their limited adaptability. Worldwide over one billion people are obese,[168] while in the United States 35% of people are obese, leading to this being described as an "obesity epidemic.

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